Webs aren’t just for spiders.
They can, in fact, describe vast networks of interconnected relationships within ecosystems, based on the food preferences of plants and animals. Understanding a “food web” can tell scientists what sorts of species reside in an ecosystem and how those species react to changes in their environment. Scientists can also use ancient food webs to predict how modern ecosystems will respond to a changing climate.
But our knowledge of ancient food webs is biased, according to a new study led by Yale’s Jack Shaw, a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences.
Shaw and his colleagues found that soft-bodied animal species like worms and jellyfish — whose physical remains were not preserved and are not part of the fossil record — often have not been accounted for in models of ancient food webs. This means many of the models being used by scientists are flawed, Shaw said.
“The missing components of the fossil record — such as soft-bodied organisms — represent huge gaps in understanding ancient ecology, but we haven’t thought extensively about how those gaps are affecting our inferences,” Shaw said. “We’re taking the fossil record at face value without critically thinking about how face value might not be robust or accurate.”
The exclusion of soft-bodied organisms from ancient food webs has predictable effects, the new study suggests. For example, the researchers said, food webs that leave out soft-bodied organisms can seem less stable than they truly are — and more prone to cascades of species loss when environmental change occurs. Food webs that leave out soft-bodied organisms also give the misleading appearance of having fewer predators.
The researchers used a “network” approach to predict gaps in fossilized food webs going back hundreds of millions of years. The study included an analysis and comparison of four modern marine ecosystems, one modern lake ecosystem, two ancient marine ecosystems, and one ancient lake ecosystem.
“The advantage of network theory is that it gives you micro- and macro-scale insights at the same time, and it helps us to describe complex structures in simple, numerical terms,” Shaw said. “For instance, it helps us understand how many ‘steps’ there are between the bottom of the food chain — such as plants — and the top predators. At the micro-scale we can look at things like which animal has the most prey, which can indicate resistance to extinction. At the macro-scale we can look at how efficiently energy flows through the entire community.”
Shaw led the research while attending a program at the non-profit Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico. His collaborators included researchers from New York University, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the University of Leuven, Washington State University, the University of Maryland, and the Santa Fe Institute.
The study appears in the journal Paleobiology.
The research was supported, in part, by the Yale Peabody Museum Invertebrate Paleontology Division and the Yale Franke Fellowship in Science and the Humanities.
by Jim Shelton
Yale News